T. Drugé, Regional climate model simulation of A&N aerosols eral aerosol surfaces: Influence on tropospheric ozone chemistry and comparison to observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.109, p.2304, 2004.

S. E. Bauer, D. Koch, N. Unger, S. M. Metzger, D. T. Shindell et al., Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030: a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.7, pp.5043-5059, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296344

S. E. Bauer, K. Tsigaridis, and R. Miller, Significant atmospheric aerosol pollution caused by world food cultivation, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.43, pp.5394-5400, 2016.

N. Bellouin, J. Rae, A. Jones, C. Johnson, J. Haywood et al., Aerosol forcing in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) simulations by HadGEM2-ES and the role of ammonium nitrate, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.116, p.20206, 2011.

H. Bian, M. Chin, D. A. Hauglustaine, M. Schulz, G. Myhre et al., Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the AeroCom phase III experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.17, pp.12911-12940, 2017.

A. Bouwman, D. Lee, W. Asman, F. Dentener, K. Van-der-hoek et al., A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.11, pp.561-587, 1997.

F. Bréon, A. Vermeulen, and J. Descloitres, An evaluation of satellite aerosol products against sunphotometer measurements, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.115, pp.3102-3111, 2011.

T. Claquin, M. Schulz, and Y. Balkanski, Modeling the mineralogy of atmospheric dust sources, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.104, pp.22243-22256, 1999.

J. A. Coakley, R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich, The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget: A parameterization for climate models, J. Atmos. Sci, vol.40, pp.116-138, 1983.

M. Daniel, A. Lemonsu, M. Deque, S. Somot, A. Alias et al., Benefits of explicit urban parametrization in regional climate modelling to study climate and city interactions, Clim. Dynam, vol.52, pp.2745-2764, 2018.

B. Decharme, R. Alkama, H. Douville, M. Becker, C. et al., Global evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP continental hydrological system. Part II: Uncertainties in river routing simulation related to flow velocity and groundwater storage, J. Hydrometeorol, vol.11, pp.601-617, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00990912

F. Dentener, S. Kinne, T. Bond, O. Boucher, J. Cofala et al., Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.6, pp.4321-4344, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328459

F. J. Dentener and P. J. Crutzen, Reaction of N 2 O 5 on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NO x , O 3 , and OH, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.98, pp.7149-7163, 1993.

C. Dimitroulopoulou and A. Marsh, Modelling studies of NO 3 nighttime chemistry and its effects on subsequent ozone formation, Atmos. Environ, vol.31, pp.3041-3057, 1997.

T. Eck, B. Holben, J. Reid, O. Dubovik, A. Smirnov et al., Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.104, pp.31333-31349, 1999.

T. D. Fairlie, D. J. Jacob, J. E. Dibb, B. Alexander, M. A. Avery et al., Impact of mineral dust on nitrate, sulfate, and ozone in transpacific Asian pollution plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.3999-4012, 2010.

J. Flemming, A. Benedetti, A. Inness, R. J. Engelen, L. Jones et al., The CAMS interim Reanalysis of Carbon Monoxide, Ozone and Aerosol for, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.17, pp.1945-1983, 1945.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01504582

G. Foret, G. Bergametti, F. Dulac, and L. Menut, An optimized particle size bin scheme for modeling mineral dust aerosol, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.111, p.17310, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02326024

P. Forster, V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts et al., Computations of solar heating of the earth's atmosphere -A new parameterization, The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, vol.53, pp.35-62, 1980.

A. Georgoulias, G. Alexandri, K. Kourtidis, J. Lelieveld, P. Zanis et al., Differences between the MODIS Collection 6 and 5.1 aerosol datasets over the greater Mediterranean region, Atmos. Environ, vol.147, pp.310-319, 2016.

A. K. Georgoulias, A. Van-der, R. J. Stammes, P. Boersma, K. F. Eskes et al., Trends and trend reversal detection in two decades of tropospheric NO 2 satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss, 2018.

E. R. Gibson, P. K. Hudson, and V. H. Grassian, Aerosol chemistry and climate: Laboratory studies of the carbonate component of mineral dust and its reaction products, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.33, p.13811, 2006.

J. Hansen, M. Sato, and R. Ruedy, Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.102, pp.6831-6864, 1997.

D. A. Hauglustaine, Y. Balkanski, and M. Schulz, A global model simulation of present and future nitrate aerosols and their direct radiative forcing of climate, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.14, pp.11031-11063, 2014.

, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.19, pp.1-25, 2019.

A. Hilboll, A. Richter, and J. P. Burrows, Long-term changes of tropospheric NO 2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.4145-4169, 2013.

B. N. Holben, D. Tanré, A. Smirnov, T. Eck, I. Slutsker et al., An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol optical depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.106, pp.12067-12097, 2001.

M. Z. Jacobson, Studying the effects of calcium and magnesium on size-distributed nitrate and ammonium with EQUISOLV II, Atmos. Environ, vol.33, issue.99, pp.105-108, 1999.

C. Jordan, J. E. Dibb, B. Anderson, H. Fuelberg, R. A. Kahn et al., Uptake of nitrate and sulfate on dust aerosols during TRACE-P, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.108, pp.4248-4281, 2003.

R. A. Kahn, B. J. Gaitley, M. J. Garay, D. J. Diner, T. F. Eck et al., Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer global aerosol product assessment by comparison with the Aerosol Robotic Network, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.115, p.23209, 2010.

V. A. Karydis, A. P. Tsimpidi, S. Bacer, A. Pozzer, A. Nenes et al., Global impact of mineral dust on cloud droplet number concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.17, pp.5601-5621, 2017.

A. Kasper and H. Puxbaum, Seasonal variation of SO 2 , HNO 3 , NH 3 and selected aerosol components at Sonnblick (3106 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Environ, vol.32, pp.3925-3939, 1998.

Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, L. A. Remer, E. Vermote, A. Chu et al., Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.102, pp.17051-17067, 1997.

A. Kiendler-scharr, A. A. Mensah, E. Friese, D. Topping, E. Nemitz et al., Ubiquity of organic nitrates from nighttime chemistry in the European submicron aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.43, pp.7735-7744, 2016.

J. Lelieveld, H. Berresheim, S. Borrmann, P. J. Crutzen, F. J. Dentener et al., Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean, vol.298, pp.794-799, 2002.

J. Li, W. Wang, H. Liao, C. , and W. , Past and future direct radiative forcing of nitrate aerosol in East Asia, Theor. Appl. Climatol, vol.121, pp.445-458, 2014.

U. Lohmann and J. Feichter, Global indirect aerosol effects: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.5, pp.715-737, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295633

P. T. Manktelow, K. S. Carslaw, G. W. Mann, and D. V. Spracklen, The impact of dust on sulfate aerosol, CN and CCN during an East Asian dust storm, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.10, pp.365-382, 2010.

V. Masson, P. Le-moigne, E. Martin, S. Faroux, A. Alias et al., The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.6, pp.929-960, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00968042

S. Metzger, F. Dentener, S. Pandis, and J. Lelieveld, Gas/aerosol partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.107, 2002.

M. Michou, P. Nabat, and D. Saint-martin, Development and basic evaluation of a prognostic aerosol scheme (v1) in the CNRM Climate Model CNRM-CM6, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.8, pp.501-531, 2015.

J. M. Mitchell, The effect of atmospheric aerosols on climate with special reference to temperature near the Earth's surface, J. Appl. Meteorol, vol.10, pp.703-714, 1971.

E. J. Mlawer, S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.102, pp.16663-16682, 1997.

R. C. Moffet, X. Qin, T. Rebotier, H. Furutani, and K. A. Prather, Chemically segregated optical and microphysical properties of ambient aerosols measured in a single-particle mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.113, p.12213, 2008.

J. Morcrette, H. Barker, J. Cole, M. Iacono, P. et al., Impact of a new radiation package, McRad, in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System, Mon. Weather Rev, vol.136, pp.4773-4798, 2008.

J. Morcrette, O. Boucher, L. Jones, D. Salmond, P. Bechtold et al., Aerosol analysis and forecast in the European Centre for medium-range weather forecasts integrated forecast system: Forward modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.19, pp.1-25, 2019.

T. Drugé, Regional climate model simulation of A&N aerosols

C. Atmos-;-moulin, C. Lambert, U. Dayan, V. Masson, M. Ramonet et al., Satellite climatology of African dust transport in the Mediterranean atmosphere, The dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate and its dependence on temperature, relative humidity and particle size, vol.114, pp.261-270, 1993.

G. Myhre, A. Grini, and S. Metzger, Modelling of nitrate and ammonium-containing aerosols in presence of sea salt, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.6, pp.4809-4821, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296065

G. Myhre, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer et al., Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations, Atmos, Chem. Phys, vol.13, pp.1853-1877, 2013.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, I. Chiapello, J. J. Morcrette et al., A 4-D climatology (1979-2009) of the monthly tropospheric aerosol optical depth distribution over the Mediterranean region from a comparative evaluation and blending of remote sensing and model products, Atmos. Meas. Tech, vol.6, pp.3303-3326, 2013.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, F. Sevault, M. Chiacchio et al., Direct and semi-direct aerosol radiative effect on the Mediterranean climate variability using a coupled regional climate system model, Clim. Dynam, vol.44, pp.1127-1155, 2015.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, and M. Mallet, Les aérosols, composants essentiels du système climatique régional: illustrations pour le climat méditerranéen (prix Prud'homme 2015), La météorologie, 2016.

J. Noilhan and J. Mahfouf, The ISBA land surface parameterisation scheme, Global Planet. Change, vol.13, pp.43-50, 1996.

J. G. Olivier, A. F. Bouwman, K. W. Van-der-hoek, and J. J. Berdowski, Global air emission inventories for anthropogenic sources of NO x , NH 3 and N 2 O in 1990, Environ. Pollut, vol.102, pp.135-148, 1998.

B. C. O'neill, C. Tebaldi, D. P. Van-vuuren, V. Eyring, P. Friedlingstein et al., The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (Sce-narioMIP) for CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev, vol.9, pp.3461-3482, 2016.

C. D. Papadimas, N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, M. Kanakidou, N. Mihalopoulos et al., The direct effect of aerosols on solar radiation over the broader Mediterranean basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.12, pp.7165-7185, 2012.

F. Paulot, D. J. Jacob, R. Pinder, J. Bash, K. Travis et al., Ammonia emissions in the United States, European Union, and China derived by high-resolution inversion of ammonium wet deposition data: Interpretation with a new agricultural emissions inventory (MASAGE_NH3), Changes in the aerosol direct radiative forcing from 2001 to 2015: observational constraints and regional mechanisms, vol.119, pp.13265-13281, 2014.

J. M. Prospero, P. Ginoux, O. Torres, S. E. Nicholson, and T. E. Gill, Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product, Rev. Geophys, vol.40, pp.2-3, 2002.

J. Putaud, F. Raes, R. Van-dingenen, E. Brüggemann, M. C. Facchini et al., A European aerosol phenomenology -2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ, vol.38, pp.2579-2595, 2004.

R. Radu, M. Déqué, and S. Somot, Spectral nudging in a spectral regional climate model, Tellus A, vol.60, pp.898-910, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00195052

A. Sayer, L. Munchak, N. Hsu, R. Levy, C. Bettenhausen et al., MODIS Collection 6 aerosol products: Comparison between Aqua's e-Deep Blue, Dark Target, and "merged" data sets, and usage recommendations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos, vol.119, pp.13965-13989, 2014.

M. Schaap, K. Müller, and H. Brink, Constructing the European aerosol nitrate concentration field from quality analysed data, Atmos. Environ, vol.36, pp.1323-1335, 2002.

M. Schaap, M. Van-loon, H. M. Brink, F. J. Dentener, and P. J. Builtjes, Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.4, pp.857-874, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295447

J. H. Seinfeld, S. N. Pandis, and K. Noone, Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, vol.51, p.88, 1998.

D. T. Shindell, J. Lamarque, M. Schulz, M. Flanner, C. Jiao et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.19, pp.1-25, 2019.

, Évolution des aérosols sur la région Euro-Méditerranéenne entre la période, Chapitre, vol.3, 1971.

G. Dans-leur-Étude, n'ont montré aucune tendance significative des poussières désertiques entre 1981 et 1996 à l'échelle globale, malgré une hausse de la quantité de poussières désertiques entre 1981 et 1988. Ici, la différence d'AOD des poussières désertiques entre le modèle régional et le modèle global est en partie due à l'évolution des poussières désertiques car celle-ci diminue plus, 2004.

, de sulfate et de carbone suie augmentent plus fortement avec le modèle global durant la période historique sur l'Afrique. Ces changements expliquent donc l'évolution différente de l'AOD totale entre le modèle régional et le modèle global sur l'Afrique pendant la période, 1971.

, En effet, cette hausse d'AOD des poussières désertiques est compensée, dans le cas du modèle global CNRM-ESM2-1, par la baisse d'AOD des aérosols de sulfate, de carbone organique et de carbone suie. De plus, la hausse de l'AOD des poussières désertiques est plus modérée, sur la période 2021-2050, avec le modèle global car la fraction de sol nu, présentée sur la Figure 3.23 (C) va diminuer pour l'ensemble des scénarios tandis que celle-ci est fixée constante (90%) pour le modèle régional. Sur la fin du siècle avec le modèle CNRM-ESM2-1, l'AOD des poussières désertiques ne montre plus d'augmentation, excepté pour le SSP 5-8.5, malgré une hausse de la vitesse du vent. En effet, à l'exception du SSP 5-8.5, la fraction de sol nu va baisser sur l'Afrique, jusqu'à 15% pour le SSP 3-7.0, ce qui va limiter la hausse des émissions et donc de l'AOD des particules de poussières désertiques. Pour finir, on remarque que les scénarios utilisés durant ce travail de thèse

A. Ackerman, O. Toon, D. Stevens, A. Heymsfield, V. Ramanathan et al., Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, vol.288, issue.5468, pp.1042-1047, 2000.

T. P. Ackerman and O. B. Toon, Absorption of visible radiation in atmosphere containing mixtures of absorbing and nonabsorbing particles, Applied Optics, vol.20, issue.20, pp.3661-3668, 1981.

P. J. Adams, J. H. Seinfeld, D. Koch, L. Mickley, J. et al., General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulfate-nitrateammonium-water inorganic aerosol system, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.106, issue.D1, pp.1097-1111, 2001.

F. Adloff, S. Somot, F. Sevault, G. Jordà, R. Aznar et al., Mediterranean sea response to climate change in an ensemble of twenty first century scenarios, Climate Dynamics, vol.45, issue.9, pp.2775-2802, 2015.

B. Albrecht, Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, vol.245, issue.4923, pp.1227-1230, 1989.

S. Alfaro, S. Lafon, J. Rajot, P. Formenti, A. Gaudichet et al., Iron oxides and light absorption by pure desert dust : An experimental study, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D8, p.109, 2004.

P. Allard, J. Carbonnelle, D. Dajlevic, J. Le-bronec, P. Morel et al., Eruptive and diffuse emissions of co2 from mount etna, Nature, vol.351, issue.6325, p.387, 1991.

P. Alpert, B. Neeman, and Y. Shay-el, Climatological analysis of mediterranean cyclones using ecmwf data, Tellus A : Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, vol.42, pp.65-77, 1990.

E. L. Andreas, A new sea spray generation function for wind speeds up to 32 ms-1, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.28, issue.11, pp.2175-2184, 1998.

O. Aumont and L. Bopp, Globalizing results from ocean in situ iron fertilization studies, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.20, issue.2, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00138103

. Références,

D. Balis, V. Amiridis, C. Zerefos, A. Kazantzidis, S. Kazadzis et al., Study of the effect of different type of aerosols on uv-b radiation from measurements during earlinet, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.4, issue.2, pp.307-321, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00301237

M. Bangert, C. Kottmeier, B. Vogel, and H. Vogel, Regional scale effects of the aerosol cloud interaction simulated with an online coupled comprehensive chemistry model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.11, issue.9, pp.4411-4423, 2011.

F. Barnaba and G. Gobbi, Aerosol seasonal variability over the mediterranean region and relative impact of maritime, continental and saharan dust particles over the basin from modis data in the year 2001, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.4, issue.9, pp.2367-2391, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295558

J. C. Barnard, R. Volkamer, and E. I. Kassianov, Estimation of the mass absorption cross section of the organic carbon component of aerosols in the mexico city metropolitan area, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.8, issue.22, pp.6665-6679, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00304212

S. Bauer, D. Koch, N. Unger, S. Metzger, D. Shindell et al., Nitrate aerosols today and in 2030 : a global simulation including aerosols and tropospheric ozone, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.7, issue.19, pp.5043-5059, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296344

N. Bègue, P. Tulet, J. Chaboureau, G. Roberts, L. Gomes et al., Long-range transport of saharan dust over northwestern europe during eucaari 2008 campaign : Evolution of dust optical properties by scavenging, Journal of Geophysical Research, p.117, 2012.

N. Bellouin, J. Rae, A. Jones, C. Johnson, J. Haywood et al., Aerosol forcing in the climate model intercomparison project (cmip5) simulations by hadgem2-es and the role of ammonium nitrate, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D20, p.116, 2011.

N. Benas, N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, A. Fotiadi, N. Mihalopoulos et al., Aerosol shortwave direct radiative effect and forcing based on modis level 2 data in the eastern mediterranean (crete), Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics, pp.917-922, 2013.

C. M. Benkovitz, M. T. Scholtz, J. Pacyna, L. Tarrasón, J. Dignon et al., Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.101, issue.D22, pp.29239-29253, 1996.

. Références,

A. Bergamo, A. Tafuro, S. Kinne, F. De-tomasi, and M. Perrone, Monthlyaveraged anthropogenic aerosol direct radiative forcing over the mediterranean based on aeronet aerosol properties, Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, vol.8, issue.23, 2008.

B. Bessagnet, A. Hodzic, R. Vautard, M. Beekmann, S. Cheinet et al., Aerosol modeling with chimere-preliminary evaluation at the continental scale, Atmospheric Environment, vol.38, issue.18, pp.2803-2817, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00518777

H. Bian, M. Chin, D. A. Hauglustaine, M. Schulz, G. Myhre et al., Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the aerocom phase iii experiment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.17, issue.21, pp.12911-12940, 2017.

A. Bigi and G. Ghermandi, Long-term trend and variability of atmospheric pm 10 concentration in the po valley, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.14, issue.10, pp.4895-4907, 2014.

T. Bond and R. Bergstrom, Light absorption by carbonaceous particles : An investigative review, Aerosol Science and Technology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.27-67, 2006.

S. Bony, R. Colman, V. Kattsov, R. Allan, C. Bretherton et al., How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.15, pp.3445-3482, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716782

O. Boucher, Les aérosols atmosphériques. Aérosols atmosphériques, pp.7-16, 2012.

O. Boucher, M. Pham, and C. Venkataraman, Simulation of the atmospheric sulfur cycle in the lmd gcm : Model description, model evaluation, and global and european budgets, IPSL, vol.23, p.26, 2002.

J. Brioude, O. Cooper, G. Feingold, M. Trainer, S. Freitas et al., Effect of biomass burning on marine stratocumulus clouds off the california coast, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.9, issue.22, pp.8841-8856, 2009.

R. Bubnová, G. Hello, P. Bénard, and J. Geleyn, Integration of the fully elastic equations cast in the hydrostatic pressure terrain-following coordinate in the framework of the arpege/aladin nwp system, Monthly Weather Review, vol.123, issue.2, pp.515-535, 1995.

C. Références, B. O'neill, E. Kriegler, K. Ebi, E. Kemp-benedict et al., The roads ahead : Narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century, 2015.

A. Carillo, G. Sannino, V. Artale, P. Ruti, S. Calmanti et al., Steric sea level rise over the mediterranean sea : present climate and scenario simulations, Climate dynamics, vol.39, issue.9, pp.2167-2184, 2012.

F. Cavalli, M. Facchini, S. Decesari, M. Mircea, L. Emblico et al., Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the north atlantic, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D24, p.109, 2004.

L. Cavicchia, H. Von-storch, and S. Gualdi, A long-term climatology of medicanes, Climate dynamics, vol.43, issue.5-6, pp.1183-1195, 2014.

R. J. Charlson, S. Schwartz, J. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. J. Coakley et al., Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, vol.255, issue.5043, pp.423-430, 1992.

Y. Chen, Y. Cheng, N. Ma, C. Wei, L. Ran et al., Natural sea-salt emissions moderate the climate forcing of anthropogenic nitrate, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, pp.1-28, 2019.

A. Cholakian, A. Colette, I. Coll, G. Ciarelli, and M. Beekmann, Future climatic drivers and their effect on pm 10 components in europe and the mediterranean sea, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.19, issue.7, pp.4459-4484, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02395717

C. Chou, P. Formenti, M. Maille, P. Ausset, G. Helas et al., Size distribution, shape, and composition of mineral dust aerosols collected during the african monsoon multidisciplinary analysis special observation period 0 : Dust and biomass-burning experiment field campaign in niger, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D23, p.113, 2006.

J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, H. Kuhns, V. Etyemezian, D. H. Lowenthal et al., Source profiles for industrial, mobile, and area sources in the big bend regional aerosol visibility and observational study, Chemosphere, vol.54, issue.2, pp.185-208, 2004.

. Références,

J. H. Christensen, T. R. Carter, G. , and F. , Prudence employs new methods to assess european climate change, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.83, issue.13, pp.147-147, 2002.

M. Chrit, K. Sartelet, J. Sciare, J. Pey, N. Marchand et al., Modelling organic aerosol concentrations and properties during charmex summer campaigns of 2012 and 2013 in the western mediterranean region, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.17, issue.20, pp.12509-12531, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01724306

D. A. Chu, Y. Kaufman, G. Zibordi, J. Chern, J. Mao et al., Global monitoring of air pollution over land from the earth observing system-terra moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (modis), Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D21, p.108, 2003.

W. J. Collins, J. Lamarque, M. Schulz, O. Boucher, V. Eyring et al., Aerchemmip : quantifying the effects of chemistry and aerosols in cmip6, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.10, issue.2, pp.585-607, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496211

W. Cooke, C. , L. Cachier, H. Feichter, and J. , Construction of a 1°× 1°fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the echam4 model, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.104, issue.D18, pp.22137-22162, 1999.

A. Craig, S. Valcke, and L. Coquart, Development and performance of a new version of the oasis coupler, oasis3-mct_3. 0. Geoscientific Model Development, vol.10, pp.3297-3308, 2017.

G. D'almeida, P. Koepke, and E. Shettle, Atmospheric aerosols : global climatology and radiative characteristics, 1991.

M. Daniel, A. Lemonsu, M. Déqué, S. Somot, A. Alias et al., Benefits of explicit urban parameterization in regional climate modeling to study climate and city interactions, Climate Dynamics, vol.52, issue.5-6, pp.2745-2764, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02368764

S. Darmaraki, S. Somot, F. Sevault, P. Nabat, W. D. Narvaez et al., Future evolution of marine heatwaves in the mediterranean sea, Climate Dynamics, pp.1-22, 2019.

B. Decharme, C. Delire, M. Minvielle, J. Colin, J. Vergnes et al., Recent changes in the isba-ctrip land surface system for use in the cnrm-cm6 climate model and in Références global off-line hydrological applications, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019.

D. P. Dee, S. Uppala, A. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli et al., The era-interim reanalysis : Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Quarterly Journal of the royal meteorological society, vol.137, issue.656, pp.553-597, 2011.

R. Dellink, J. Chateau, E. Lanzi, and B. Magné, Long-term economic growth projections in the shared socioeconomic pathways, Global Environmental Change, vol.42, pp.200-214, 2015.

R. Delmas, G. Mégie, and V. Peuch, Physique et chimie de l'atmosphère, 2005.

F. Dentener, S. Kinne, T. Bond, O. Boucher, J. Cofala et al., Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for aerocom, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.12, pp.4321-4344, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328459

M. Déqué, C. Dreveton, A. Braun, C. , and D. , The arpege/ifs atmosphere model : a contribution to the french community climate modelling, Climate Dynamics, vol.10, issue.4-5, pp.249-266, 1994.

S. Despiau, S. Cougnenc, and F. Resch, Concentrations and size distributions of aerosol particles in coastal zone, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.27, issue.3, pp.403-415, 1996.

D. Biagio, C. Di-sarra, A. Meloni, and D. , Large atmospheric shortwave radiative forcing by mediterranean aerosols derived from simultaneous groundbased and spaceborne observations and dependence on the aerosol type and single scattering albedo, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D10, p.115, 2010.

D. Biagio, C. Di-sarra, A. Meloni, D. Monteleone, F. Piacentino et al., Measurements of mediterranean aerosol radiative forcing and influence of the single scattering albedo, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D6, p.114, 2009.

R. E. Dickinson, R. M. Errico, F. Giorgi, and G. T. Bates, A regional climate model for the western united states, Climatic Change, vol.15, issue.3, pp.383-422, 1989.

H. Diémoz, G. P. Gobbi, T. Magri, G. Pession, S. Pittavino et al., Transport of po valley aerosol pollution to the northwestern alps. part 2 : long-term impact on air quality, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss, 2019.

E. Dinar, A. Abo-riziq, C. Spindler, C. Erlick, G. Kiss et al., The complex refractive index of atmospheric and model humic-like substances (hulis) retrieved by a cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer (crd-as), Faraday Discuss, vol.137, pp.279-295, 2008.

C. Doche, G. Dufour, G. Foret, M. Eremenko, J. Cuesta et al., Summertime tropospheric-ozone variability over the mediterranean basin observed with iasi, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.14, issue.19, pp.10589-10600, 2014.

T. Drugé, P. Nabat, M. Mallet, and S. Somot, Model simulation of ammonium and nitrate aerosols distribution in the euro-mediterranean region and their radiative and climatic effects over 1979-2016, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.19, issue.6, pp.3707-3731, 2019.

O. Dubovik, B. Holben, T. F. Eck, A. Smirnov, Y. J. Kaufman et al., Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.59, issue.3, pp.590-608, 2002.

J. Dufresne, C. Gautier, P. Ricchiazzi, and Y. Fouquart, Longwave scattering effects of mineral aerosols, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.59, issue.12, pp.1959-1966, 2002.

A. T. Evan, C. Flamant, M. Gaetani, and F. Guichard, The past, present and future of african dust, Nature, vol.531, issue.7595, p.493, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01295141

V. Eyring, S. Bony, G. A. Meehl, C. A. Senior, B. Stevens et al., Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (cmip6) experimental design and organization, Geoscientific Model Development (Online), vol.9, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01339069

G. Feingold, H. Jiang, and J. Y. Harrington, On smoke suppression of clouds in amazonia, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.32, issue.2, 2005.

P. Formenti, T. Reiner, D. Sprung, M. O. Andreae, M. Wendisch et al., Staaarte-med, 1998.

, Références summer airborne measurements over the aegean sea 1. aerosol particles and trace gases, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.107, issue.D21, p.1

P. Forster, V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts et al., Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. in'climate change 2007 : The physical science basis. contribution of working group i to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change'.(eds s solomon, d qin, m manning, pp.129-234, 2007.

K. A. Fuller, W. C. Malm, and S. M. Kreidenweis, Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.104, issue.D13, pp.15941-15954, 1999.

S. Fuzzi, U. Baltensperger, K. Carslaw, S. Decesari, H. Denier-van-der-gon et al., Particulate matter, air quality and climate : lessons learned and future needs, vol.15, pp.8217-8299, 2015.

S. J. Ghan, Estimating aerosol effects on cloud radiative forcing, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.13, issue.19, pp.9971-9974, 2013.

A. Gibelin and M. Déqué, Anthropogenic climate change over the mediterranean region simulated by a global variable resolution model, Climate Dynamics, vol.20, issue.4, pp.327-339, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/meteo-00315915

M. J. Gidden, K. Riahi, S. J. Smith, S. Fujimori, G. Luderer et al., Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in cmip6 : a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.12, issue.4, pp.1443-1475, 2019.

H. Gilgen, M. Wild, and A. Ohmura, Means and trends of shortwave irradiance at the surface estimated from global energy balance archive data, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.8, pp.2042-2061, 1998.

D. Gillette, Environmental factors affecting dust emission by wind erosion, 1979.

J. Wiley, , pp.71-94

. Références,

P. Ginoux, M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. M. Prospero, B. Holben et al., Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the gocart model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.106, issue.D17, pp.20255-20273, 2001.

P. Ginoux, J. Prospero, O. Torres, and M. Chin, Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the gocart model : correlation with north atlantic oscillation, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.19, issue.2, pp.113-128, 2004.

F. Giorgi, X. Bi, and Y. Qian, Direct radiative forcing and regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over east asia : A regional coupled climatechemistry/aerosol model study, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.107, issue.D20, pp.7-8, 2002.

F. Giorgi and W. L. Chameides, Rainout lifetimes of highly soluble aerosols and gases as inferred from simulations with a general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.91, issue.D13, pp.14367-14376, 1986.

F. Giorgi and E. Coppola, Projections of twenty-first century climate over europe, EPJ Web of Conferences, vol.1, pp.29-46, 2009.

F. Giorgi, C. Jones, and G. R. Asrar, Addressing climate information needs at the regional level : the cordex framework, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Bulletin, vol.58, issue.3, p.175, 2009.

F. Giorgi and P. Lionello, Climate change projections for the mediterranean region, Global and Planetary Change, vol.63, issue.2, pp.90-104, 2008.

F. Giorgi and L. O. Mearns, Introduction to special section : Regional climate modeling revisited, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.104, issue.D6, pp.6335-6352, 1999.

S. R. Gislason, T. Hassenkam, S. Nedel, N. Bovet, E. S. Eiriksdottir et al., Characterization of eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash particles and a protocol for rapid risk assessment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.18, pp.7307-7312, 2011.

A. Gkikas, N. Hatzianastassiou, N. Mihalopoulos, V. Katsoulis, S. Kazadzis et al., The regime of intense desert dust episodes Références in the mediterranean based on contemporary satellite observations and ground measurements, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.13, issue.23, pp.12135-12154, 2013.

A. Gkikas, E. Houssos, N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Papadimas, and A. Bartzokas, Synoptic conditions favouring the occurrence of aerosol episodes over the broader mediterranean basin, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.138, issue.665, pp.932-949, 2012.

R. Greeley, D. G. Blumberg, and S. H. Williams, Field measurements of the flux and speed of wind-blown sand, Sedimentology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.41-52, 1996.

H. Grythe, J. Ström, R. Krej?í, P. K. Quinn, and A. Stohl, A review of sea-spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014.

S. Guerzoni, R. Chester, F. Dulac, B. Herut, M. Loÿe-pilot et al., The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the mediterranean sea, Progress in Oceanography, vol.44, issue.1, pp.147-190, 1999.

C. Guieu, R. Chester, M. Nimmo, J. Martin, S. Guerzoni et al., Atmospheric input of dissolved and particulate metals to the northwestern mediterranean, Deep Sea Research Part II : Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.44, pp.655-674, 1997.

O. Hadley and T. Kirchstetter, Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo, Nature Climate Change, vol.2, pp.437-440, 2012.

S. Hagemann, B. Machenhauer, R. Jones, O. B. Christensen, M. Déqué et al., Evaluation of water and energy budgets in regional climate models applied over europe, Climate Dynamics, vol.23, issue.5, pp.547-567, 2004.

J. Hansen, M. Sato, and R. Ruedy, Radiative forcing and climate response, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.102, issue.D6, pp.6831-6864, 1997.

R. M. Harrison and A. Kitto, Field intercomparison of filter pack and denuder sampling methods for reactive gaseous and particulate pollutants, Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, vol.24, issue.10, pp.2633-2640, 1990.

D. Hauglustaine, Y. Balkanski, and M. Schulz, A global model simulation of present and future nitrate aerosols and their direct radiative forcing of climate, 2014.

, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.14, issue.20, pp.11031-11063

. Références,

J. Haywood and M. Schulz, Causes of the reduction in uncertainty in the anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate between ipcc (2001) and ipcc, 2007.

, Geophysical Research Letters, issue.20, p.34

J. Haywood and K. Shine, The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.22, issue.5, pp.603-606, 1995.

J. M. Haywood, S. R. Osborne, P. N. Francis, A. Keil, P. Formenti et al., The mean physical and optical properties of regional haze dominated by biomass burning aerosol measured from the c-130 aircraft during safari, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D13, p.108, 2000.

M. Herrmann, C. Estournel, F. Adloff, and F. Diaz, Impact of climate change on the northwestern mediterranean sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, vol.119, issue.9, pp.5815-5836, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01068504

M. Herrmann, S. Somot, S. Calmanti, C. Dubois, and F. Sevault, Representation of spatial and temporal variability of daily wind speed and of intense wind events over the mediterranean sea using dynamical downscaling : impact of the regional climate model configuration, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, vol.11, 1983.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00766447

M. Hess, P. Koepke, and I. Schult, Optical properties of aerosols and clouds : The software package opac, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.79, issue.5, pp.831-844, 1998.

C. D. Hewitt, Ensembles-based predictions of climate changes and their impacts, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.85, issue.52, pp.566-566, 2004.

A. Hill and S. Dobbie, The impact of aerosols on non-precipitating marine stratocumulus. ii : The semi-direct effect, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society : A journal of the atmospheric sciences, vol.134, issue.634, pp.1155-1165, 2008.

R. M. Hoesly, S. J. Smith, L. Feng, Z. Klimont, G. Janssens-maenhout et al., Historical (1750-2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the community emissions data system (ceds), vol.11, 2018.

. Références,

C. Hohenegger and P. L. Vidale, Sensitivity of the european climate to aerosol forcing as simulated with a regional climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D6, p.110, 2005.

H. Horvath, L. A. Arboledas, F. Olmo, O. Jovanovi?, M. Gangl et al., Optical characteristics of the aerosol in spain and austria and its effect on radiative forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.107, issue.D19, p.9, 2002.

N. Huneeus, Assimilation variationnelle d'observations satellitaires dans un modèle atmosphérique d'aérosols, vol.1, 2007.

A. Inness, M. Ades, A. Agusti-panareda, J. Barré, A. Benedictow et al., The cams reanalysis of atmospheric composition, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.19, issue.6, pp.3515-3556, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02090480

. Ipcc, Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, États-Unis d'Amérique, 2013.

P. Israelevich, E. Ganor, P. Alpert, P. Kishcha, and A. Stupp, Predominant transport paths of saharan dust over the mediterranean sea to europe, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D2, p.117, 2012.

D. Jacob, J. Petersen, B. Eggert, A. Alias, O. B. Christensen et al., Euro-cordex : new high-resolution climate change projections for european impact research, Regional environmental change, vol.14, issue.2, pp.563-578, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963511

M. Z. Jacobson, Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.106, issue.D2, pp.1551-1568, 2001.

M. Z. Jacobson and D. G. Streets, Influence of future anthropogenic emissions on climate, natural emissions, and air quality, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D8, p.114, 2009.

L. Jaeglé, P. Quinn, T. Bates, B. Alexander, and J. Lin, Global distribution of sea salt aerosols : new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.11, issue.7, pp.3137-3157, 2011.

. Références,

L. Jiang and B. C. O'neill, Global urbanization projections for the shared socioeconomic pathways, Global Environmental Change, vol.42, pp.193-199, 2015.

A. M. Johansen, R. L. Siefert, and M. R. Hoffmann, Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the southwest monsoon and intermonsoon seasons over the arabian sea : Anions and cations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.104, issue.D21, pp.26325-26347, 1999.

B. Johnson, K. Shine, and P. Forster, The semi-direct aerosol effect : Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.130, issue.599, pp.1407-1422, 2004.

C. Junge, The size distribution and aging of natural aerosols as determined from electrical and optical data on the atmosphere, Journal of Meteorology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.13-25, 1955.

G. Kallos, M. Astitha, P. Katsafados, and C. Spyrou, Long-range transport of anthropogenically and naturally produced particulate matter in the mediterranean and north atlantic : Current state of knowledge, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1230-1251, 2007.

A. Kasper and H. Puxbaum, Seasonal variation of so2, hno3, nh3 and selected aerosol components at sonnblick (3106 m asl), Atmospheric environment, vol.32, issue.23, pp.3925-3939, 1998.

Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, and O. Boucher, A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, vol.419, issue.6903, p.215, 2002.

S. Kc and W. Lutz, The human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways : Population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100, Global Environmental Change, vol.42, pp.181-192, 2014.

A. Kettle, M. Andreae, D. Amouroux, T. Andreae, T. Bates et al., A global database of sea surface dimethylsulfide (dms) measurements and a procedure to predict sea surface dms as a function of latitude, longitude, and month, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.13, issue.2, pp.399-444, 1999.

J. T. Kiehl, T. L. Schneider, P. J. Rasch, M. C. Barth, and J. Wong, Radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosols from simulations with the national center for atmospheric research community climate model, version 3, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, issue.D1, pp.1441-1457, 2000.

. Références,

S. Kinne, M. Schulz, C. Textor, S. Guibert, Y. Balkanski et al., An aerocom initial assessment -optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol.5, issue.5, pp.8285-8330, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327961

D. Koch and A. Del-genio, Black carbon semi-direct effects on cloud cover : review and synthesis, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.10, issue.16, pp.7685-7696, 2010.

J. F. Kok, A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.3, pp.1016-1021, 2011.

I. Koren, J. V. Martins, L. A. Remer, A. , and H. , Smoke invigoration versus inhibition of clouds over the amazon. science, vol.321, pp.946-949, 2008.

H. Korhonen, S. Sihto, V. Kerminen, and K. Lehtinen, Evaluation of the accuracy of analysis tools for atmospheric new particle formation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.11, issue.7, pp.3051-3066, 2011.

G. Krekov, Aerosols effects on climate, pp.9-72, 1993.

E. Kriegler, J. Edmonds, S. Hallegatte, K. L. Ebi, T. Kram et al., A new scenario framework for climate change research : the concept of shared climate policy assumptions, Climatic Change, vol.122, issue.3, pp.401-414, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00991824

E. Kriegler, B. C. O'neill, S. Hallegatte, T. Kram, R. J. Lempert et al., The need for and use of socio-economic scenarios for climate change analysis : A new approach based on shared socio-economic pathways, Global Environmental Change, vol.22, issue.4, pp.807-822, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00787703

A. Kumar, A. Sudheer, and M. Sarin, Chemical characteristics of aerosols in mabl of bay of bengal and arabian sea during spring inter-monsoon : a comparative study, Journal of earth system science, vol.117, issue.1, pp.325-332, 2008.

. Références,

G. Lacressonnière, L. Watson, M. Gauss, M. Engardt, C. Andersson et al., Particulate matter air pollution in europe in a+ 2 c warming world, Atmospheric environment, vol.154, pp.129-140, 2017.

S. Lafon, I. N. Sokolik, J. L. Rajot, S. Caquineau, and A. Gaudichet, Characterization of iron oxides in mineral dust aerosols : Implications for light absorption, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D21, p.111, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00770728

J. Lamarque, D. T. Shindell, B. Josse, P. J. Young, I. Cionni et al., The atmospheric chemistry and climate model intercomparison project (accmip) : overview and description of models, simulations and climate diagnostics, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, issue.1, pp.179-206, 2013.

B. Laurent, B. Marticorena, G. Bergametti, J. Léon, and N. Mahowald, Modeling mineral dust emissions from the sahara desert using new surface properties and soil database, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D14, p.113, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02326008

P. Lazzari, G. Mattia, C. Solidoro, S. Salon, A. Crise et al., The impacts of climate change and environmental management policies on the trophic regimes in the mediterranean sea : Scenario analyses, Journal of Marine Systems, vol.135, pp.137-149, 2013.

F. Lefevre, G. Brasseur, I. Folkins, A. Smith, and P. Simon, Chemistry of the 1991-1992 stratospheric winter : Three-dimensional model simulations, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.99, issue.D4, pp.8183-8195, 1994.

G. Lesins, P. Chylek, and U. Lohmann, A study of internal and external mixing scenarios and its effect on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.107, issue.D10, p.5, 2002.

E. R. Lewis, R. Lewis, and S. E. Schwartz, Sea salt aerosol production : mechanisms, methods, measurements, and models, American Geophysical Union, vol.152, 2004.

H. Liao and J. H. Seinfeld, Global impacts of gas-phase chemistry-aerosol interactions on direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols and ozone, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D18, p.110, 2005.

. Références,

H. Liao, J. H. Seinfeld, P. J. Adams, and L. J. Mickley, Global radiative forcing of coupled tropospheric ozone and aerosols in a unified general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D16, p.109, 2004.

U. Lohmann and J. Feichter, Global indirect aerosol effects : a review, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.715-737, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295633

D. Macias, E. Garcia-gorriz, A. Dosio, A. Stips, and K. Keuler, Obtaining the correct sea surface temperature : bias correction of regional climate model data for the mediterranean sea, Climate dynamics, vol.51, issue.3, pp.1095-1117, 2016.

G. Madec, Nemo ocean engine. Notes du Pôle de modélisation de l'Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), 2017.

P. Maheras, H. Flocas, I. Patrikas, and C. Anagnostopoulou, A 40 year objective climatology of surface cyclones in the mediterranean region : spatial and temporal distribution, International Journal of Climatology : A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.21, issue.1, pp.109-130, 2001.

N. M. Mahowald and C. Luo, A less dusty future ? Geophysical Research Letters, p.30, 2003.

M. Mallet, F. Dulac, P. Formenti, P. Nabat, J. Sciare et al., Overview of the chemistry-aerosol mediterranean experiment/aerosol direct radiative forcing on the mediterranean climate (charmex/adrimed) summer 2013 campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01258732

M. Mallet, V. Pont, C. Liousse, L. Gomes, J. Pelon et al., , 2008.

, Aerosol direct radiative forcing over djougou (northern benin) during the african monsoon multidisciplinary analysis dry season experiment (special observation period-0), Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, issue.D23, p.113

M. Mallet, J. Roger, S. Despiau, O. Dubovik, and J. Putaud, Microphysical and optical properties of aerosol particles in urban zone during escompte, Atmospheric Research, vol.69, issue.1, pp.73-97, 2003.

M. Mallet, J. Roger, S. Despiau, J. Putaud, and O. Dubovik, A study of the mixing state of black carbon in urban zone, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D4, p.109, 2004.

. Références,

M. Mallet, R. Van-dingenen, J. Roger, S. Despiau, and H. Cachier, In situ airborne measurements of aerosol optical properties during photochemical pollution events, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D3, p.110, 2005.

N. Marbà, G. Jordà, S. Agustí, C. Girard, and C. M. Duarte, Footprints of climate change on mediterranean sea biota, Frontiers in Marine Science, vol.2, p.56, 2015.

M. Marcos and M. N. Tsimplis, Comparison of results of aogcms in the mediterranean sea during the 21st century, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, issue.C12, p.113, 2008.

K. Markakis, M. Valari, A. Colette, O. Sanchez, O. Perrussel et al., Air quality in the mid-21st century for the city of paris under two climate scenarios ; from the regional to local scale, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.14, issue.14, pp.7323-7340, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01081469

K. M. Markowicz, P. J. Flatau, M. Ramana, P. Crutzen, and V. Ramanathan, Absorbing mediterranean aerosols lead to a large reduction in the solar radiation at the surface, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.29, issue.20, pp.29-30, 2002.

B. Marticorena and G. Bergametti, Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle : 1. design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.100, issue.D8, pp.16415-16430, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02324491

V. Masson, P. Le-moigne, E. Martin, S. Faroux, A. Alias et al., The surfexv7. 2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, pp.929-960, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00968042

A. Mccomiskey and G. Feingold, The scale problem in quantifying aerosol indirect effects, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.1031-1049, 2012.

C. L. Mcconnell, P. Formenti, E. J. Highwood, and M. A. Harrison, Using aircraft measurements to determine the refractive index of saharan dust during the dodo experiments, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.10, issue.6, pp.3081-3098, 2010.

F. Médail, The unique nature of mediterranean island floras and the future of plant conservation, 2nd Botanical Conference in Menorca. Recerca, vol.20, pp.325-350, 2013.

R. Médail, F. Quézel, and P. , Conséquences écologiques possibles des changements climatiques sur la flore et la végétation du bassin méditerranéen, Bocconea, vol.16, issue.1, pp.397-422, 2003.

D. S. Mélia, A global coupled sea ice-ocean model, Ocean Modelling, vol.4, issue.2, pp.137-172, 2002.

D. Meloni, A. Di-sarra, J. Deluisi, T. Di-iorio, G. Fiocco et al., Tropospheric aerosols in the mediterranean : 2. radiative effects through model simulations and measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D10, p.108, 2003.

M. Ménégoz, G. Krinner, Y. Balkanski, O. Boucher, A. Cozic et al., Snow cover sensitivity to black carbon deposition in the himalayas : from atmospheric and ice core measurements to regional climate simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.14, issue.8, pp.4237-4249, 2014.

S. Menon, A. D. Genio, D. Koch, and G. Tselioudis, Gcm simulations of the aerosol indirect effect : Sensitivity to cloud parameterization and aerosol burden, Journal of the Atmospheric sciences, vol.59, issue.3, pp.692-713, 2002.

L. Menut, B. Bessagnet, D. Khvorostyanov, M. Beekmann, N. Blond et al., Chimere 2013 : a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling, Geoscientific model development, vol.6, issue.4, pp.981-1028, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00961818

L. Menut, S. Mailler, G. Siour, B. Bessagnet, S. Turquety et al., Ozone and aerosol tropospheric concentrations variability analyzed using the adrimed measurements and the wrf and chimere models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.15, issue.11, pp.6159-6182, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01206614

L. M. Mercado, N. Bellouin, S. Sitch, O. Boucher, C. Huntingford et al., Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink, Nature, vol.458, issue.7241, p.1014, 2009.

M. Michou, P. Nabat, D. Saint-martin, J. Bock, B. Decharme et al., Present-day and historical aerosol and ozone characteristics in cnrm cmip6 simulations

R. Miller and I. Tegen, Climate response to soil dust aerosols, Journal of climate, vol.11, issue.12, pp.3247-3267, 1998.

M. I. Mishchenko, L. D. Travis, and D. W. Mackowski, T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles : a review, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol.55, issue.5, pp.535-575, 1996.

E. C. Monahan and G. Mac-niocaill, Oceanic Whitecaps : And Their Role in Air-Sea Exchange Processes, vol.2, 2012.

J. Morcrette, O. Boucher, L. Jones, D. Salmond, P. Bechtold et al., Aerosol analysis and forecast in the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts integrated forecast system : Forward modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.114, issue.D6, 2009.

O. Morgenstern, M. I. Hegglin, E. Rozanov, F. M. O'connor, N. L. Abraham et al., Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the chemistry-climate model initiative (ccmi), vol.10, pp.639-671, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01488608

R. Moss, J. Edmonds, K. Hibbard, M. Manning, S. Rose et al., The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment, Nature, vol.463, pp.747-56, 2010.

C. Moulin, C. Lambert, U. Dayan, V. Masson, M. Ramonet et al., Satellite climatology of african dust transport in the mediterranean atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, issue.D11, pp.13137-13144, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02326603

G. Myhre, B. H. Samset, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer et al., Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from aerocom phase ii simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.13, issue.4, p.1853, 2013.

P. Nabat, F. Solmon, M. Mallet, J. Kok, and S. Somot, Dust emission size distribution impact on aerosol budget and radiative forcing over the mediterranean region : a regional climate model approach, Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics Discussions, issue.7, p.12, 2012.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, A. Sanchez-lorenzo, and M. Wild, Contribution of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to the changing euro-mediterranean climate since 1980, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.41, issue.15, pp.5605-5611, 2014.

R. Nabat, P. Somot, S. Mallet, M. Chiapello, I. Morcrette et al., A 4-d climatology (1979-2009) of the monthly tropospheric aerosol optical depth distribution over the mediterranean region from a comparative evaluation and blending of remote sensing and model products, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol.6, issue.5, pp.1287-1314, 2013.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, M. Michou, F. Sevault et al., Dust aerosol radiative effects during summer 2012 simulated with a coupled regional aerosol-atmosphere-ocean model over the mediterranean, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.15, issue.6, pp.3303-3326, 2015.

P. Nabat, S. Somot, M. Mallet, F. Sevault, M. Chiacchio et al., Direct and semi-direct aerosol radiative effect on the mediterranean climate variability using a coupled regional climate system model, Climate Dynamics, vol.44, issue.3, pp.1127-1155, 2015.

J. Noilhan and S. Planton, A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models, Monthly weather review, vol.117, issue.3, pp.536-549, 1989.

J. R. Norris and M. Wild, Trends in aerosol radiative effects over europe inferred from observed cloud cover, solar "dimming," and solar "brightening, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D8, p.112, 2007.

T. Oki and Y. Sud, Design of total runoff integrating pathways (trip)-a global river channel network, Earth interactions, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-37, 1998.

B. C. O'neill, E. Kriegler, K. Riahi, K. L. Ebi, S. Hallegatte et al., A new scenario framework for climate change research : the concept of shared socioeconomic pathways, Climatic Change, vol.122, issue.3, pp.387-400, 2014.

C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay, Volcanic degassing, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00904186

S. Osborne and J. Haywood, Aircraft observations of the microphysical and optical properties of major aerosol species, Atmospheric Research, vol.73, issue.3, pp.173-201, 2005.

S. R. Osborne, B. T. Johnson, J. M. Haywood, A. J. Baran, M. A. Harrison et al., Physical and optical properties of mineral dust Références aerosol during the dust and biomass-burning experiment, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D23, p.113, 2008.

S. Otto, M. De-reus, T. Trautmann, A. Thomas, M. Wendisch et al., Atmospheric radiative effects of an in situ measured saharan dust plume and the role of large particles, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.7, issue.18, pp.4887-4903, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296337

G. Pace, A. D. Sarra, D. Meloni, S. Piacentino, and P. Chamard, Aerosol optical properties at lampedusa (central mediterranean). 1. influence of transport and identification of different aerosol types, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.3, pp.697-713, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295855

G. Pandithurai, S. Dipu, K. K. Dani, S. Tiwari, D. S. Bisht et al., Aerosol radiative forcing during dust events over new delhi, india, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D13, p.113, 2008.

C. D. Papadimas, N. Hatzianastassiou, C. Matsoukas, M. Kanakidou, N. Mihalopoulos et al., The direct effect of aerosols on solar radiation over the broader mediterranean basin, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.12, issue.15, pp.7165-7185, 2012.

D. Parker, H. Wilson, P. D. Jones, J. Christy, and C. K. Folland, The impact of mount pinatubo on world-wide temperatures, International Journal of Climatology : A Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.16, issue.5, pp.487-497, 1996.

F. Paulot, D. Paynter, P. Ginoux, V. Naik, and L. W. Horowitz, Changes in the aerosol direct radiative forcing from 2001 to 2015 : observational constraints and regional mechanisms. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.18, pp.13265-13281, 2018.

J. Péré, Simulation de l'impact climatique des aérosols en Europe, 2010.

J. Pere, M. Mallet, V. Pont, and B. Bessagnet, Impact of aerosol direct radiative forcing on the radiative budget, surface heat fluxes, and atmospheric dynamics during the heat wave of summer 2003 over western europe : A modeling study, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D23, p.116, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963328

N. Pérez, J. Pey, S. Castillo, M. Viana, A. Alastuey et al., Interpretation of the variability of levels of regional background aerosols in the western mediterranean, Science of the total environment, vol.407, issue.1, pp.527-540, 2008.

,. Références-peuch, M. Amodei, T. Barthet, M. Cathala, B. Josse et al., Mocage, modèle de chimie atmosphérique à grande echelle, Proceedings of Météo-France workshop on atmospheric modelling, pp.33-36, 1999.

J. Pey, X. Querol, A. , and A. , Discriminating the regional and urban contributions in the north-western mediterranean : Pm levels and composition, Atmospheric Environment, vol.44, issue.13, pp.1587-1596, 2010.

J. Piazzola, K. Sellegri, L. Bourcier, M. Mallet, G. Tedeschi et al., Physicochemical characteristics of aerosols measured in the spring time in the mediterranean coastal zone, Atmospheric environment, vol.54, pp.545-556, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00748525

J. Prospero, Mineral and sea salt aerosol concentrations in various ocean regions, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, vol.84, issue.C2, pp.725-731, 1979.

H. R. Pruppacher and J. D. Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation : Reprinted, 1980.

J. Quaas and O. Boucher, Constraining the first aerosol indirect radiative forcing in the lmdz gcm using polder and modis satellite data, Geophysical research letters, issue.17, p.32, 2005.

J. Quaas, Y. Ming, S. Menon, T. Takemura, M. Wang et al., Aerosol indirect effects-general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.9, issue.22, pp.8697-8717, 2009.

G. Radnóti, R. Ajjaji, R. Bubnová, M. Caian, E. Cordoneanu et al., The spectral limited area model arpege/aladin, PWPR report series, vol.7, pp.111-117, 1995.

S. Rao, Z. Klimont, S. J. Smith, R. Van-dingenen, F. Dentener et al., Future air pollution in the shared socio-economic pathways, Global Environmental Change, vol.42, pp.346-358, 2017.

J. Reid, R. Koppmann, T. Eck, and D. Eleuterio, A review of biomass burning emissions part ii : intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.799-825, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295638

S. Rémy, Z. Kipling, J. Flemming, O. Boucher, P. Nabat et al., Description and evaluation of Références the tropospheric aerosol scheme in the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts (ecmwf) integrated forecasting system (ifs-aer, cycle 45r1), Geoscientific Model Development, vol.12, issue.11, pp.4627-4659, 2019.

K. Riahi, D. P. Van-vuuren, E. Kriegler, J. Edmonds, B. C. O'neill et al., The shared socioeconomic pathways and their energy, vol.42, pp.153-168, 2016.

F. Roda, J. Bellot, A. Avila, A. Escarré, J. Piñol et al., Saharan dust and the atmospheric inputs of elements and alkalinity to mediterranean ecosystems, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.66, issue.3-4, pp.277-288, 1993.

J. Rogelj, A. Popp, V. Calvin, K. Luderer, G. Emmerling et al., , vol.8, 2018.

J. Roger, M. Mallet, P. Dubuisson, H. Cachier, E. Vermote et al., A synergetic approach for estimating the local direct aerosol forcing : Application to an urban zone during the expérience sur site pour contraindre les modèles de pollution et de transport d'emission (escompte) experiment, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D13, p.111, 2006.

R. Romero and K. Emanuel, Medicane risk in a changing climate, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.118, issue.12, pp.5992-6001, 2013.

D. Rosenfeld, U. Lohmann, G. B. Raga, C. D. O'dowd, M. Kulmala et al., Flood or drought : how do aerosols affect precipitation ? science, vol.321, pp.1309-1313, 2008.

A. Saha, M. Mallet, J. C. Roger, P. Dubuisson, J. Piazzola et al., One year measurements of aerosol optical properties over an urban coastal Références site : Effect on local direct radiative forcing, Atmospheric Research, vol.90, issue.2-4, pp.195-202, 2008.

D. Salas-mélia, F. Chauvin, M. Déqué, H. Douville, J. Guérémy et al., Description and validation of cnrm-cm3 global coupled climate model, 2005.

M. Santese, M. Perrone, A. Zakey, F. D. Tomasi, G. et al., Modeling of saharan dust outbreaks over the mediterranean by regcm3 : case studies, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.133-156, 2010.

D. Santos, M. J. Costa, and A. M. Silva, Direct sw aerosol radiative forcing over portugal, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.8, issue.19, pp.5771-5786, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00304152

S. Satheesh and K. K. Moorthy, Radiative effects of natural aerosols : A review, Atmospheric Environment, vol.39, issue.11, pp.2089-2110, 2005.

M. Schaap, M. V. Loon, H. Brink, F. Dentener, and P. Builtjes, Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for europe with special attention to nitrate, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.4, issue.3, pp.857-874, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295447

J. Schilling, K. P. Freier, E. Hertig, and J. Scheffran, Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation in north africa with focus on morocco, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.156, pp.12-26, 2012.

M. Schulz, C. Textor, S. Kinne, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer et al., Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the aerocom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.12, pp.5225-5246, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327945

L. Schütz and M. Sebert, Mineral aerosols and source identification, Journal of aerosol science, vol.18, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1986.

R. Séférian, P. Nabat, M. Michou, D. Saint-martin, A. Voldoire et al., Evaluation of cnrm earth-system model cnrm

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric chemistry and physics : from air pollution to climate change, 1998.

. Références,

J. H. Seinfeld and S. N. Pandis, Atmospheric chemistry and physics : from air pollution to climate change, 2006.

K. Sellegri, C. O'dowd, Y. Yoon, S. Jennings, and G. De-leeuw, Surfactants and submicron sea spray generation, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D22, p.111, 2006.

D. T. Shindell, J. Lamarque, M. Schulz, M. Flanner, C. Jiao et al., Radiative forcing in the accmip historical and future climate simulations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.13, issue.6, pp.2939-2974, 2013.

W. Skamarock and J. Klemp, Coauthors, 2008 : A description of the advanced research wrf version 3. ncar tech, vol.113, 2008.

A. Slingo, T. P. Ackerman, R. Allan, E. I. Kassianov, S. A. Mcfarlane et al., Observations of the impact of a major saharan dust storm on the atmospheric radiation balance, 2006.

, Geophysical Research Letters, issue.24, p.33

M. Sofiev, J. Soares, M. Prank, G. De-leeuw, and J. Kukkonen, A regionalto-global model of emission and transport of sea salt particles in the atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D21, p.116, 2011.

F. Solmon, N. Elguindi, and M. Mallet, Radiative and climatic effects of dust over west africa, as simulated by a regional climate model, Climate Research, vol.52, pp.97-113, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01021260

S. Somot, F. Sevault, and M. Déqué, Transient climate change scenario simulation of the mediterranean sea for the twenty-first century using a highresolution ocean circulation model, Climate Dynamics, vol.27, issue.7-8, pp.851-879, 2006.

B. Stevens and G. Feingold, Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system, Nature, vol.461, pp.607-620, 2009.

D. G. Streets, D. T. Shindell, Z. Lu, and G. Faluvegi, Radiative forcing due to major aerosol emitting sectors in china and india, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.40, issue.16, pp.4409-4414, 2013.

R. Sturges, W. T. Shaw, and G. E. , Halogens in aerosols in central alaska, Atmospheric environment. Part A. General Topics, pp.2969-2977, 1993.

D. Tanré, F. M. Bréon, J. L. Deuzé, M. Herman, P. Goloub et al., Global observation of anthropogenic aerosols from satellite, 2001.

, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.28, issue.24, pp.4555-4558

D. Tanré, J. Geleyn, and J. Slingo, First results of an advanced aerosolradiation interaction in ecmwf low resolution global model, 1984.

I. Tegen, P. Hollrig, M. Chin, I. Fung, D. Jacob et al., Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness : Estimates from model results, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.102, issue.D20, pp.23895-23915, 1997.

I. Tegen, M. Werner, S. Harrison, and K. Kohfeld, Relative importance of climate and land use in determining present and future global soil dust emission, 2004.

, Geophysical Research Letters, issue.5, p.31

C. Textor, M. Schulz, S. Guibert, S. Kinne, Y. Balkanski et al., Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within aerocom, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1777-1813, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328435

S. Thiébault and J. Moatti, The Mediterranean region under climate change : a scientific update, Synthèses. IRD, 2016.

A. Tompkins, A revised cloud scheme to reduce the sensitivity to vertical resolution. ECMWF Research Department Memorandum, p.35, 2005.

F. Tummon, F. Solmon, C. Liousse, and M. Tadross, Simulation of the direct and semidirect aerosol effects on the southern africa regional climate during the biomass burning season, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D19, p.115, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00563632

. Références,

C. H. Twohy, M. D. Petters, J. R. Snider, B. Stevens, W. Tahnk et al., Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds : Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D8, p.110, 2005.

S. Twomey, Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmospheric Environment, vol.8, issue.12, pp.1251-1256, 1967.

P. Tyson, E. Odada, R. Schulze, and C. Vogel, Regional-Global Change Linkages : Southern Africa, pp.3-73, 2002.

U. Ulbrich, M. Christoph, J. G. Pinto, and J. Corte-real, Dependence of winter precipitation over portugal on nao and baroclinic wave activity, International Journal of Climatology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.379-390, 1999.

I. Uno, K. Eguchi, K. Yumimoto, T. Takemura, A. Shimizu et al., Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe, Nature Geoscience, vol.2, issue.8, p.557, 2009.

M. Van-damme, L. Clarisse, S. Whitburn, J. Hadji-lazaro, D. Hurtmans et al., Industrial and agricultural ammonia point sources exposed, Nature, vol.564, issue.7734, p.99, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01948753

P. Van-der-linden and J. Mitchell, Ensembles : climate change and its impacts : summary of research and results from the ensembles project, 2009.

M. J. Van-marle, S. Kloster, B. I. Magi, J. R. Marlon, A. Daniau et al., Historic global biomass burning emissions based on merging satellite observations with proxies and fire models, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.10, pp.3329-3357, 2017.

E. Van-meijgaard, L. Van-ulft, W. Van-de-berg, F. Bosveld, B. Van-den-hurk et al., The knmi regional atmospheric climate model racmo version 2.1. Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, p.43, 2008.

D. P. Van-vuuren, J. Edmonds, M. Kainuma, K. Riahi, A. Thomson et al., The representative concentration pathways : an overview, Climatic Change, vol.109, issue.1, p.5, 2011.

R. Vogel, B. Vogel, H. Bäumer, D. Bangert, M. Lundgren et al., The comprehensive model system cosmo-art-radiative impact of aerosol on the state of the atmosphere on the regional scale, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.9, issue.22, pp.8661-8680, 2009.

A. Voldoire, D. Saint-martin, S. Sénési, B. Decharme, A. Alias et al., Evaluation of cmip6 deck experiments with cnrm-cm6-1, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02346111

F. Von-trentini, M. Leduc, L. , and R. , Assessing natural variability in rcm signals : comparison of a multi model euro-cordex ensemble with a 50-member single model large ensemble, Climate Dynamics, pp.1-17, 2019.

D. P. Vuuren, K. Riahi, R. Moss, J. Edmonds, A. Thomson et al., A proposal for a new scenario framework to support research and assessment in different climate research communities, Global Environmental Change, vol.22, issue.1, pp.21-35, 2012.

S. Wakamatsu, A. Utsunomiya, J. S. Han, A. Mori, I. Uno et al., Seasonal variation in atmospheric aerosols concentration covering northern kyushu, japan and seoul, korea. Atmospheric Environment, vol.30, issue.13, pp.2343-2354, 1996.

C. Wall, E. Zipser, and C. Liu, An investigation of the aerosol indirect effect on convective intensity using satellite observations, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.71, issue.1, pp.430-447, 2014.

K. Whitby, On the multimodal nature of atmospheric size distribution, III Int., Conf. on Nucleation, 1978.

B. R. White, Soil transport by winds on mars, Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth, vol.84, issue.B9, pp.4643-4651, 1979.

M. Wild, Global dimming and brightening : A review, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, issue.D10, p.114, 2009.

M. Wild, H. Gilgen, A. Roesch, A. Ohmura, C. N. Long et al., From dimming to brightening : Decadal changes in solar radiation at earth's surface, Science, vol.308, issue.5723, pp.847-850, 2005.

D. Wilks, On "field significance" and the false discovery rate, Journal of applied meteorology and climatology, vol.45, issue.9, pp.1181-1189, 2006.

. Références,

E. Xoplaki, J. F. González-rouco, J. Luterbacher, and H. Wanner, Mediterranean summer air temperature variability and its connection to the large-scale atmospheric circulation and ssts, Climate dynamics, vol.20, issue.7-8, pp.723-739, 2003.

L. Xu and J. Penner, Global simulations of nitrate and ammonium aerosols and their radiative effects, Atmospheric chemistry and Physics, vol.12, issue.20, pp.9479-9504, 2012.

Y. and M. , Xios fortran reference guide, 2018.

A. Zakey, F. Giorgi, and X. Bi, Modeling of sea salt in a regional climate model : Fluxes and radiative forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D14, p.113, 2008.

P. Zanis, A study on the direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols on near surface air temperature over southeastern europe during summer 2000 based on regional climate modeling, Annales Geophysicae, vol.27, pp.3977-3988, 2009.

P. Zanis, C. Ntogras, S. Zakey, I. Pytharoulis, and T. Karacostas, Regional climate feedback of anthropogenic aerosols over europe using regcm3, Climate Research, vol.52, pp.267-278, 2012.

E. M. Zubler, D. Folini, U. Lohmann, D. Lüthi, C. Schär et al., Simulation of dimming and brightening in europe from 1958 to 2001 using a regional climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D18, p.116, 2011.